< Division Two: Types of Contractual Relationship
> Division Four: The Commercial Register, Business Names and Commercial Accounting
Division Three: Commercial Enterprises and the Cooperative1
Title Twenty-Four: The General Partnership
Section One: Definition and Formation
Art. 552 A. Commercial partnershipsArt. 553 B. Non-commercial partnerships
Art. 554 C. Entry in the commercial register / I. Place of registration
Art. 555 C. Entry in the commercial register / II. Representation
Art. 556 C. Entry in the commercial register / III. Formal requirements
Section Two: Relationship between Partners
Art. 557 A. Freedom of contract, reference to simple partnershipArt. 558 B. Profit and loss account
Art. 559 C. Entitlement to profit, interest and fees
Art. 560 D. Losses
Art. 561 E. Prohibition of competition
Section Three: Relationship between the Partnership and Third Parties
Art. 562 A. In generalArt. 563 B. Representation / I. General principle
Art. 564 B. Representation / II. Scope
Art. 565 B. Representation / III. Withdrawal
Art. 566 B. Representation / IV. Registered power of attorney and commercial agency
Art. 567 B. Representation / V. Transactions and liability in tort
Art. 568 C. Position of creditors / I. Partners’ liability
Art. 569 C. Position of creditors / II. Liability of new partners
Art. 570 C. Position of creditors / III. Insolvency of the partnership
Art. 571 C. Position of creditors / IV. Insolvency of the partnership and bankruptcy of the partners
Art. 572 D. Position of personal creditors of partners
Art. 573 E. Set off
Section Four: Dissolution and Withdrawal
Art. 574 A. In generalArt. 575 B. Termination by personal creditors
Art. 576 C. Withdrawal of partners / I. Agreement
Art. 577 C. Withdrawal of partners / II. Exclusion by court order
Art. 578 C. Withdrawal of partners / III. Exclusion by the other partners
Art. 579 C. Withdrawal of partners / IV. In the case of two partners
Art. 580 C. Withdrawal of partners / V. Determining the share
Art. 581 C. Withdrawal of partners / VI. Registration
Section Five: Liquidation
Art. 582 A. General principleArt. 583 B. Liquidators
Art. 584 C. Representation of heirs
Art. 585 D. Rights and obligations of the liquidators
Art. 586 E. Provisional distribution
Art. 587 F. Division / I. Balance sheet
Art. 588 F. Division / II. Repayment of capital and distribution of surplus
Art. 589 G. Deletion from the commercial register
Art. 590 H. Archiving of ledgers and other documents
Section Six: Time Limits
Art. 591 A. Object and limitation periodArt. 592 B. Special cases
Art. 593 C. Interruption
Title Twenty-Five: The Limited Partnership
Section One: Definition and Formation
Art. 594 A. Commercial partnershipsArt. 595 B. Non-commercial partnerships
Art. 596 C. Entry in the commercial register / I. Place and contributions in kind
Art. 597 C. Entry in the commercial register / II. Formal requirements
Section Two: Relationship between Partners
Art. 598 A. Freedom of contract, reference to general partnershipArt. 599 B. Management of business
Art. 600 C. Position of limited partners
Art. 601 D. Share in profit and loss
Section Three: Relationship between the Partnership and Third Parties
Art. 602 A. In generalArt. 603 B. Representation
Art. 604 C. Liability of general partners
Art. 605 D. Liability of limited partners / I. Acting for the partnership
Art. 606 D. Liability of limited partners / II. Lack of registration
Art. 607 D. Liability of limited partners / III. Name of limited partner in business name
Art. 608 D. Liability of limited partners / IV. Scope of liability
Art. 609 D. Liability of limited partners / V. Reduction of limited partner’s specific contribution
Art. 610 D. Liability of limited partners / VI. Creditors’ right of action
Art. 611 D. Liability of limited partners / VII. Entitlement to interest and profit
Art. 612 D. Liability of limited partners / VIII. Joining limited partnerships
Art. 613 E. Position of personal creditors
Art. 614 F. Set off
Art. 615 G. Insolvency / I. In general
Art. 616 G. Insolvency / II. Insolvency of the partnership
Art. 617 G. Insolvency / III. Procedure against general partners
Art. 618 G. Insolvency / IV. Bankruptcy of limited partners
Title Twenty-Six2: The Company Limited by Shares
Section One: General Provisions
Art. 620 A. DefinitionArt. 621 B. Minimum share capital
Art. 622 C. Shares / I. Types
Art. 623 C. Shares / II. Splitting and consolidating shares
Art. 624 C. Shares / III. Issue price
Art. 625 D. Shareholders
Art. 626 E. Articles of association / I. Content prescribed by law
Art. 627 E. Articles of association / II. Further provisions / 1. In general
Art. 628 E. Articles of association / II. Further provisions / 2. Relating specifically to contributions in kind, acquisitions in kind, special privileges
Art. 629 F. Establishment / I. Deed of incorporation / 1. Content
Art. 630 F. Establishment / I. Deed of incorporation / 2. Share subscription
Art. 631 F. Establishment / II. Supporting documents
Art. 632 F. Establishment / III. Capital contributions / 1. Minimum contribution
Art. 633 F. Establishment / III. Capital contributions / 2. Performance of contributions / a. Money contributions
Art. 634 F. Establishment / III. Capital contributions / 2. Performance of contributions / b. Contributions in kind
Art. 634a F. Establishment / III. Capital contributions / 2. Performance of contributions / c. Subsequent contribution
Art. 635 F. Establishment / III. Capital contributions / 3. Verification of capital contributions / a. Statutory report
Art. 635a F. Establishment / III. Capital contributions / 3. Verification of capital contributions / b. Audit confirmation
Art. 636–639
Art. 640 G. Entry in the commercial register / I. Company
Art. 641 G. Entry in the commercial register / II. Branch offices
Art. 642 G. Entry in the commercial register / III. Contributions and acquisitions in kind, special privileges
Art. 643 H. Acquisition of legal personality / I. Timing; entry conditions not satisfied
Art. 644 H. Acquisition of legal personality / II. Shares issued before entry
Art. 645 H. Acquisition of legal personality / III. Obligations contracted prior to entry
Art. 646
Art. 647 J. Amending the articles of association
Art. 648–649
Art. 650 K. Increase in the share capital / I. Ordinary and authorised capital increase / 1. Ordinary capital increase
Art. 651 K. Increase in the share capital / I. Ordinary and authorised capital increase / 2. Authorised capital increase / a. Basis in articles of association
Art. 651a K. Increase in the share capital / I. Ordinary and authorised capital increase / 2. Authorised capital increase / b. Amendment of the articles of association
Art. 652 K. Increase in the share capital / I. Ordinary and authorised capital increase / 3. Common provisions / a. Share subscription
Art. 652a K. Increase in the share capital / I. Ordinary and authorised capital increase / 3. Common provisions / b. Issue prospectus
Art. 652b K. Increase in the share capital / I. Ordinary and authorised capital increase / 3. Common provisions / c. Subscription right
Art. 652c K. Increase in the share capital / I. Ordinary and authorised capital increase / 3. Common provisions / d. Making capital contributions
Art. 652d K. Increase in the share capital / I. Ordinary and authorised capital increase / 3. Common provisions / e. Increase from equity capital
Art. 652e K. Increase in the share capital / I. Ordinary and authorised capital increase / 3. Common provisions / f. Capital increase report
Art. 652f K. Increase in the share capital / I. Ordinary and authorised capital increase / 3. Common provisions / g. Audit confirmation
Art. 652g K. Increase in the share capital / I. Ordinary and authorised capital increase / 3. Common provisions / h. Amendment of articles of association and statements required
Art. 652h K. Increase in the share capital / I. Ordinary and authorised capital increase / 3. Common provisions / i. Entry in the commercial register; nullity of previously issued shares
Art. 653 K. Increase in the share capital / II. Contingent capital increase / 1. General principle
Art. 653a K. Increase in the share capital / II. Contingent capital increase / 2. Restrictions
Art. 653b K. Increase in the share capital / II. Contingent capital increase / 3. Basis in articles of association
Art. 653c K. Increase in the share capital / II. Contingent capital increase / 4. Protection of shareholders
Art. 653d K. Increase in the share capital / II. Contingent capital increase / 5. Protection of beneficiaries of conversion or option rights
Art. 653e K. Increase in the share capital / II. Contingent capital increase / 6. Execution of capital increase / a. Exercise of rights; capital contribution
Art. 653f K. Increase in the share capital / II. Contingent capital increase / 6. Execution of capital increase / b. Audit confirmation
Art. 653g K. Increase in the share capital / II. Contingent capital increase / 6. Execution of capital increase / c. Amendment of the articles of association
Art. 653h K. Increase in the share capital / II. Contingent capital increase / 6. Execution of capital increase / d. Entry in the commercial register
Art. 653i K. Increase in the share capital / II. Contingent capital increase / 7. Deletion
Art. 654 K. Increase in the share capital / III. Preference shares / 1. Requirements
Art. 655
Art. 656 K. Increase in the share capital / III. Preference shares / 2. Status of preference shares
Art. 656a L. Participation certificates / I. Definition; applicable provisions
Art. 656b L. Participation certificates / II. Participation and share capital
Art. 656c L. Participation certificates / III. Legal position of participation certificate holders / 1. In general
Art. 656d L. Participation certificates / III. Legal position of participation certificate holders / 2. Notice and resolutions of general meetings
Art. 656e L. Participation certificates / III. Legal position of participation certificate holders / 3. Representation on the board of directors
Art. 656f L. Participation certificates / III. Legal position of participation certificate holders / 4. Pecuniary rights / a. In general
Art. 656g L. Participation certificates / III. Legal position of participation certificate holders / 4. Pecuniary rights / b. Subscription rights
Art. 657 M. Dividend rights certificates
Art. 658
Art. 659 N. Own shares / I. Restrictions on acquisition
Art. 659a N. Own shares / II. Consequences of acquisition
Art. 659b N. Own shares / III. Acquisition by subsidiaries
Section Two: Rights and Obligations of Shareholders
Art. 660 A. Entitlement to a share of the profits and proceeds of liquidation / I. In generalArt. 661 A. Entitlement to a share of the profits and proceeds of liquidation / II. Calculation method
Art. 662 B. Management report / I. In general / 1. Content
Art. 662a B. Management report / I. In general / 2. Recognised accounting standards
Art. 663 B. Management report / II. Profit and loss account; minimum sub-division
Art. 663a B. Management report / III. Balance sheet; minimum sub-division
Art. 663b B. Management report / IV. Notes to the accounts / 1. In general
Art. 663bbis B. Management report / IV. Notes to the accounts / 2. Additional information on companies with listed shares / a. Remuneration
Art. 663c B. Management report / IV. Notes to the accounts / 2. Additional information on companies with listed shares / b. Equity participations
Art. 663d B. Management report / V. Annual report
Art. 663e B. Management report / VI. Consolidated accounts / 1. Duty to draw up accounts
Art. 663f B. Management report / VI. Consolidated accounts / 2. Subsidiaries
Art. 663g B. Management report / VI. Consolidated accounts / 3. Preparation
Art. 663h B. Management report / VII. Protection and adaptation
Art. 664 B. Management report / VIII. Valuation / 1. Costs of establishment and capital increases, organisational costs
Art. 665 B. Management report / VIII. Valuation / 2. Fixed assets / a. In general
Art. 665a B. Management report / VIII. Valuation / 2. Fixed assets / b. Equity participations
Art. 666 B. Management report / VIII. Valuation / 3. Inventories
Art. 667 B. Management report / VIII. Valuation / 4. Securities
Art. 668
Art. 669 B. Management report / VIII. Valuation / 5. Write-downs, valuation adjustments and provisions
Art. 670 B. Management report / VIII. Valuation / 6. Revaluation
Art. 671 C. Reserves / I. Legal reserves / 1. General reserve
Art. 671a C. Reserves / I. Legal reserves / 2. Reserve for own shares
Art. 671b C. Reserves / I. Legal reserves / 3. Revaluation reserve
Art. 672 C. Reserves / II. Reserves pursuant to the articles of association / 1. In general
Art. 673 C. Reserves / II. Reserves pursuant to the articles of association / 2. For staff welfare purposes
Art. 674 C. Reserves / III. Ratio of the share in the profit to the reserves
Art. 675 D. Dividends, interest before commencement of operations and shares of profits paid to board members / I. Dividends
Art. 676 D. Dividends, interest before commencement of operations and shares of profits paid to board members / II. Interest before commencement of operations
Art. 677 D. Dividends, interest before commencement of operations and shares of profits paid to board members / III. Shares of profits paid to board members
Art. 678 E. Return of benefits / I. In general
Art. 679 E. Return of benefits / II. Shares of profits paid to board members on insolvency
Art. 680 F. Shareholder’s duty to contribute / I. Object
Art. 681 F. Shareholder’s duty to contribute / II. Consequences of default / 1. By law and the articles of association
Art. 682 F. Shareholder’s duty to contribute / II. Consequences of default / 2. Call for performance
Art. 683 G. Issue and transfer of shares / I. Bearer shares
Art. 684 G. Issue and transfer of shares / II. Registered shares
Art. 685 H. Restricted transferability / I. Statutory restriction
Art. 685a H. Restricted transferability / II. Restrictions under the articles of association / 1. General principles
Art. 685b H. Restricted transferability / II. Restrictions under the articles of association / 2. Unlisted registered shares / a. Requirements for refusal
Art. 685c H. Restricted transferability / II. Restrictions under the articles of association / 2. Unlisted registered shares / b. Effect
Art. 685d H. Restricted transferability / II. Restrictions under the articles of association / 3. Listed registered shares / a. Requirements for refusal
Art. 685e H. Restricted transferability / II. Restrictions under the articles of association / 3. Listed registered shares / b. Duty of notification
Art. 685f H. Restricted transferability / II. Restrictions under the articles of association / 3. Listed registered shares / c. Transfer of rights
Art. 685g H. Restricted transferability / II. Restrictions under the articles of association / 3. Listed registered shares / d. Time limit for refusal
Art. 686 H. Restricted transferability / II. Restrictions under the articles of association / 4. Share register / a. Entry
Art. 686a H. Restricted transferability / II. Restrictions under the articles of association / 4. Share register / b. Deletion
Art. 687 H. Restricted transferability / II. Restrictions under the articles of association / 5. Registered shares not fully paid in
Art. 688 H. Restricted transferability / III. Interim certificates
Art. 689 J. Personal membership rights / I. Participation in general meetings of shareholders / 1. General principle
Art. 689a J. Personal membership rights / I. Participation in general meetings of shareholders / 2. Entitlement as against the company
Art. 689b J. Personal membership rights / I. Participation in general meetings of shareholders / 3. Representation of the shareholder / a. In general
Art. 689c J. Personal membership rights / I. Participation in general meetings of shareholders / 3. Representation of the shareholder / b. Governing officer as representative
Art. 689d J. Personal membership rights / I. Participation in general meetings of shareholders / 3. Representation of the shareholder / c. Custodian as representative
Art. 689e J. Personal membership rights / I. Participation in general meetings of shareholders / 3. Representation of the shareholder / d. Disclosure
Art. 690 J. Personal membership rights / I. Participation in general meetings of shareholders / 4. Multiple beneficiaries
Art. 691 J. Personal membership rights / II. Unauthorised participation
Art. 692 J. Personal membership rights / III. Voting rights at general meetings of shareholders / 1. General principle
Art. 693 J. Personal membership rights / III. Voting rights at general meetings of shareholders / 2. Shares with privileged voting rights
Art. 694 J. Personal membership rights / III. Voting rights at general meetings of shareholders / 3. Entitlement to exercise voting right
Art. 695 J. Personal membership rights / III. Voting rights at general meetings of shareholders / 4. Exclusion of voting right
Art. 696 J. Personal membership rights / IV. Shareholders’ rights of control / 1. Availability of the management report
Art. 697 J. Personal membership rights / IV. Shareholders’ rights of control / 2. Information and inspection
Art. 697a J. Personal membership rights / V. Right to instigate a special audit / 1. With approval of the general meeting
Art. 697b J. Personal membership rights / V. Right to instigate a special audit / 2. If motion rejected by the general meeting
Art. 697c J. Personal membership rights / V. Right to instigate a special audit / 3. Appointment
Art. 697d J. Personal membership rights / V. Right to instigate a special audit / 4. Audit activities
Art. 697e J. Personal membership rights / V. Right to instigate a special audit / 5. Report
Art. 697f J. Personal membership rights / V. Right to instigate a special audit / 6. Procedure and publication
Art. 697g J. Personal membership rights / V. Right to instigate a special audit / 7. Costs
Art. 697h K. Publication of accounts
Section Three: Organisation of the Company Limited by Shares
A. The General Meeting
Art. 698 I. PowersArt. 699 II. Convocation and agenda items / 1. Right and duty
Art. 700 II. Convocation and agenda items / 2. Form
Art. 701 II. Convocation and agenda items / 3. Universal meeting
Art. 702 III. Preparatory measures; minutes
Art. 702a IV. Participation of members of the board of directors
Art. 703 IV. Resolutions and elections / 1. In general
Art. 704 IV. Resolutions and elections / 2. Important resolutions
Art. 705 V. Dismissal of the board of directors and the auditors
Art. 706 VI. Challenging resolutions of the general meeting / 1. Right of action and grounds
Art. 706a VI. Challenging resolutions of the general meeting / 2. Procedure
Art. 706b VII. Nullity
B. The Board of Directors3
Art. 707 I. In general / 1. EligibilityArt. 708
Art. 709 I. In general / 3. Representation of shareholder classes and groups
Art. 710 I. In general / 4. Term of office
Art. 711
Art. 712 II. Organisation / 1. Chairman and secretary
Art. 713 II. Organisation / 2. Resolutions
Art. 714 II. Organisation / 3. Void resolutions
Art. 715 II. Organisation / 4. Right to convene meetings
Art. 715a II. Organisation / 5. Right to information and inspection
Art. 716 III. Duties / 1. In general
Art. 716a III. Duties / 2. Non-transferable duties
Art. 716b III. Duties / 3. Delegation of business management
Art. 717 IV. Duty of care and loyalty
Art. 718 V. Representation / 1. In general
Art. 718a V. Representation / 2. Scope and restriction
Art. 718b V. Representation / 3. Contracts between the company and its representative
Art. 719 V. Representation / 3. Signatures
Art. 720 V. Representation / 4. Registration
Art. 721 V. Representation / 5. Registered attorneys and commercial agents
Art. 722 VI. Directors’ and officers’ liability
Art. 723–724
Art. 725 VII. Capital loss and overindebtedness / 1. Duty to notify
Art. 725a VII. Capital loss and overindebtedness / 2. Commencement or stay of insolvency proceedings
Art. 726 VIII. Dismissal and suspension
C. 4 The External Auditors
Art. 727 I. Audit requirement / 1. Ordinary auditArt. 727a I. Audit requirement / 2. Limited audit
Art. 727b II. Requirements for the auditor / 1. In an ordinary audit
Art. 727c II. Requirements for the auditor / 2. In a limited audit
Art. 728 III. Ordinary audit / 1. Independence of the auditor
Art. 728a III. Ordinary audit / 2. Duties of the auditor / a. Subject matter and extent of the audit
Art. 728b III. Ordinary audit / 2. Duties of the auditor / b. Audit report
Art. 728c III. Ordinary audit / 2. Duties of the auditor / c. Duty to notify
Art. 729 IV. Limited audit (Review) / 1. Independence of the auditor
Art. 729a IV. Limited audit (Review) / 2. Duties of the auditor / a. Subject matter and extent of the audit
Art. 729b IV. Limited audit (Review) / 2. Duties of the auditor / b. Audit report
Art. 729c IV. Limited audit (Review) / 2. Duties of the auditor / c. Duty to notify
Art. 730 V. Common provisions / 1. Appointment of the auditor
Art. 730a V. Common provisions / 2. Term of office of the auditor
Art. 730b V. Common provisions / 3. Information and confidentiality
Art. 730c V. Common provisions / 4. Documentation and safekeeping of documents
Art. 731 V. Common provisions / 5. Approval of the accounts and allocation of profits
Art. 731a V. Common provisions / 6. Special provisions
Section Four: Reduction of the Share Capital
Art. 732 A. Resolution to reduce the capitalArt. 732a B. Cancellation of shares in the event of restructuring
Art. 733 B. Call on creditors
Art. 734 C. Implementation of the reduction
Art. 735 D. Reduction in the case of negative net worth
Section Five: Dissolution of a Company Limited by Shares
Art. 736 A. Dissolution in general / I. GroundsArt. 737 A. Dissolution in general / II. Notification for entry in the commercial register
Art. 738 A. Dissolution in general / III. Consequences
Art. 739 B. Dissolution with liquidation / I. Consequences of liquidation; powers
Art. 740 B. Dissolution with liquidation / II. Appointment and dismissal of the liquidators / 1. Appointment
Art. 741 B. Dissolution with liquidation / II. Appointment and dismissal of the liquidators / 2. Dismissal
Art. 742 B. Dissolution with liquidation / III. Liquidation process / 1. Balance sheet, call on creditors
Art. 743 B. Dissolution with liquidation / III. Liquidation process / 2. Other duties
Art. 744 B. Dissolution with liquidation / III. Liquidation process / 3. Protection of creditors
Art. 745 B. Dissolution with liquidation / III. Liquidation process / 4. Distribution of assets
Art. 746 B. Dissolution with liquidation / IV. Deletion from the commercial register
Art. 747 B. Dissolution with liquidation / V. Archiving of business ledgers
Art. 748─750 C. Dissolution without liquidation / I. ...
Art. 751 C. Dissolution without liquidation / II. Takeover by a public sector corporation
Section Six: Liability
Art. 752 A. Liability / I. For the issue prospectusArt. 753 A. Liability / II. Founder members’ liability
Art. 754 A. Liability / III. Liability for administration, business management and liquidation
Art. 755 A. Liability / IV. Auditors’ liability
Art. 756 B. Damage to the company / I. Claims outside insolvency
Art. 757 B. Damage to the company / II. Claims in insolvency
Art. 758 B. Damage to the company / III. Effect of the resolution of release
Art. 759 C. Joint and several liability and recourse
Art. 760 D. Time limits
Art. 761
Title Twenty-Seven: The Partnership limited by Shares
Art. 764 A. DefinitionArt. 765 B. Directors / I. Designation and powers
Art. 766 B. Directors / II. Approval of resolutions of the general meeting
Art. 767 B. Directors / III. Withdrawal of authority to manage business and represent the partnership
Art. 768 C. Supervisory board / I. Appointment and powers
Art. 769 C. Supervisory board / II. Liability action
Art. 770 D. Dissolution
Art. 771 E. Resignation
Title Twenty-Eight:6 The Limited Liability Company
Section One: General Provisions
Art. 772 A. DefinitionArt. 773 B. Nominal capital
Art. 774 C. Capital contributions
Art. 774a D. Profit sharing certificates
Art. 775 D. Company members
Art. 776 E. Articles of association / I. Content prescribed by law
Art. 776a E. Articles of association / II. Conditional requirements as to content
Art. 777 E. Articles of association / II. Conditional requirements as to content / I. Certificate of incorporation
Art. 777a E. Articles of association / II. Subscription for capital contributions
Art. 777b E. Articles of association / III. Documents
Art. 777c E. Articles of association / IV. Capital contributions
Art. 778 H. Entry in the commercial register / I. Company
Art. 778a H. Entry in the commercial register / II. Branch offices
Art. 779 J. Acquisition of legal personality / I. Time; Failure to meet requirements
Art. 779a J. Acquisition of legal personality / II. Obligations entered into before registration
Art. 780 K. Amendment of the articles of association
Art. 781 L. Increase in the nominal capital
Art. 782 M. Reduction of the nominal capital
Art. 783 N. Acquisition of own capital contributions
Section Two: Rights and Obligations of Company Members
Art. 784 A. Capital contributions / I. Official documentArt. 785 A. Capital contributions / II. Transfer / a. Form
Art. 786 A. Capital contributions / II. Transfer / b. Consent requirements
Art. 787 A. Capital contributions / II. Transfer / c. Transfer of rights
Art. 788 A. Capital contributions / II. Transfer / 2. Special forms of acquisition
Art. 789 A. Capital contributions / II. Transfer / 3. Determining the true value
Art. 789a A. Capital contributions / II. Transfer / 4. Usufruct
Art. 789b A. Capital contributions / II. Transfer / 5. Charge
Art. 790 A. Capital contributions / III. Register of contributions
Art. 791 A. Capital contributions / IV. Entry in the commercial register
Art. 792 A. Capital contributions / V. Common property
Art. 793 B. Payment of capital contributions
Art. 794 C. Liability the company members
Art. 795 D. Additional financial and material contributions / I. Additional financial contributions / 1. Principle and amount
Art. 795a D. Additional financial and material contributions / I. Additional financial contributions / 2. Call for additional financial contributions
Art. 795b D. Additional financial and material contributions / I. Additional financial contributions / 3. Repayment
Art. 795c D. Additional financial and material contributions / I. Additional financial contributions / 4. Reduction
Art. 795d D. Additional financial and material contributions / I. Additional financial contributions / 5. Continuation
Art. 796 D. Additional financial and material contributions / II. Further material contributions
Art. 797 D. Additional financial and material contributions / III. Retrospective introduction
Art. 798 E. Dividends, interest, shares of profits / I. Dividends
Art. 798a E. Dividends, interest, shares of profits / II. Interest
Art. 798b E. Dividends, interest, shares of profits / III. Shares of profits
Art. 799 F. Preferential capital contributions
Art. 800 G. Refund of payments
Art. 801 H. Management report, reserves and publication
Art. 801a J. Notification of the management report
Art. 802 K. Right to information and to inspect documents
Art. 803 L. Duty of loyalty and prohibition of competition
Section Three: Organisation of the Company
Art. 804 A. Members' general meeting / I. ResponsibilitiesArt. 805 A. Members' general meeting / II. Convening and conduct of the meeting
Art. 806 A. Members' general meeting / III. Voting rights / 1. Determination
Art. 806a A. Members' general meeting / III. Voting rights / 2. Exclusion of the right to vote
Art. 806b A. Members' general meeting / III. Voting rights / 3. Usufruct
Art. 807 A. Members' general meeting / IV. Right of veto
Art. 808 A. Members' general meeting / V. Resolutions / 1. In general
Art. 808a A. Members' general meeting / V. Resolutions / 2. Casting vote
Art. 808b A. Members' general meeting / V. Resolutions / 3. Important resolutions
Art. 808c A. Members' general meeting / VI. Contesting resolutions of the members' general meeting
Art. 809 B. Management and representation / I. designation the managing director and organisation
Art. 810 B. Management and representation / II. Duties of the managing directors
Art. 811 B. Management and representation / III. Approval by the members' general meeting
Art. 812 B. Management and representation / IV. Duty of care and of loyalty; prohibition of competition
Art. 813 B. Management and representation / V. Equal treatment
Art. 814 B. Management and representation / VI. Representation
Art. 815 B. Management and representation / VII. Removal of managing directors; Revocation of the right to represent the company
Art. 816 B. Management and representation / VIII. Nullity of decisions
Art. 817 B. Management and representation / IX. Liability
Art. 818 C. Auditor
Art. 819 D. Defects in the organisation the company
Art. 820 E. Loss of capital and overindebtedness
Section Four: Dissolution and Resignation
Art. 821 A. Dissolution / I. GroundsArt. 821a A. Dissolution / II. Consequences
Art. 822 B. Resignation of company members / I. Resignation
Art. 822a B. Resignation of company members / II. Follow-up resignations
Art. 823 B. Resignation of company members / III. Exclusion
Art. 824 B. Resignation of company members / IV. Interim measures
Art. 825 B. Resignation of company members / V. Financial settlement / 1. Entitlement and amount
Art. 825a B. Resignation of company members / V. Financial settlement / 2. Payment
Art. 826 C. Liquidation
Title Twenty-Nine: The Cooperative
Section One: Definition and Establishment
Art. 828 A. Cooperatives under the Code of ObligationsArt. 829 B. Cooperatives under public law
Art. 830 C. Establishment / I. Requirements / 1. In general
Art. 831 C. Establishment / I. Requirements / 2. Number of members
Art. 832 II. Articles of association / 1. Content prescribed by law
Art. 833 II. Articles of association / 2. Further provisions
Art. 834 II. Articles of association / III. Constituent assembly
Art. 835 II. Articles of association / IV. Entry in the commercial register / 1. Cooperative
Art. 836 II. Articles of association / IV. Entry in the commercial register / 2. Branch offices
Art. 837 II. Articles of association / IV. Entry in the commercial register / 3. List of members
Art. 838 II. Articles of association / V. Acquisition of legal personality
Section Two: Acquisition of Membership
Art. 839 A. General principleArt. 840 B. Declaration of accession
Art. 841 C. In connection with an insurance policy
Section Three: Loss of Membership
Art. 842 A. Departure / I. Freedom to leaveArt. 843 A. Departure / II. Restriction of departure
Art. 844 A. Departure / III. Notice and timing of departure
Art. 845 A. Departure / IV. Exercise in bankruptcy and attachment
Art. 846 B. Exclusion
Art. 847 C. Death of a member
Art. 848 D. Lapse of office, employment or contract
Art. 849 E. Transfer of membership / I. In general
Art. 850 E. Transfer of membership / II. By transfer of land or commercial exploitation
Art. 851 F. Departure of the legal successor
Section Four: Rights and Obligations of the Members
Art. 852 A. Proof of membershipArt. 853 B. Share certificates
Art. 854 C. Equality
Art. 855 D. Rights / I. Voting right
Art. 856 D. Rights / II. Control by the members / 1. Disclosure of the balance sheet
Art. 857 D. Rights / II. Control by the members / 2. Release of information
Art. 858 D. Rights / III. Rights to share the net profit / 1. Determining the net profit
Art. 859 D. Rights / III. Rights to share the net profit / 2. Profit distribution principles
Art. 860 D. Rights / III. Rights to share the net profit / 3. Duty to form and accumulate a reserve fund
Art. 861 D. Rights / III. Rights to share the net profit / 4. Net profit at credit cooperatives
Art. 862 D. Rights / III. Rights to share the net profit / 5. Welfare funds
Art. 863 D. Rights / III. Rights to share the net profit / 6. Further allocations to reserves
Art. 864 D. Rights / IV. Entitlement to settlement / 1. Under the articles of association
Art. 865 D. Rights / IV. Entitlement to settlement / 2. By law
Art. 866 E. Duties / I. Duty of loyalty
Art. 867 E. Duties / II. Duty to make contributions
Art. 868 E. Duties / III. Liability / 1. Of the cooperative
Art. 869 E. Duties / III. Liability / 2. Of the members / a. Unlimited liability
Art. 870 E. Duties / III. Liability / 2. Of the members / b. Limited liability
Art. 871 E. Duties / III. Liability / 2. Of the members / c. Liability to make additional contributions
Art. 872 E. Duties / III. Liability / 2. Of the members / d. Inadmissible restrictions
Art. 873 E. Duties / III. Liability / 2. Of the members / e. Procedure in insolvency
Art. 874 E. Duties / III. Liability / 2. Of the members / f. Amendment of liability provisions
Art. 875 E. Duties / III. Liability / 2. Of the members / g. Liability of new members
Art. 876 E. Duties / III. Liability / 2. Of the members / h. Liability after departure or dissolution
Art. 877 E. Duties / III. Liability / 2. Of the members / i. Notification of accessions and departures for entry in the commercial register
Art. 878 E. Duties / III. Liability / 2. Of the members / k. Limitation periods for liability
Section Five: Organisation of the Cooperative
Art. 879 A. General assembly of members / I. PowersArt. 880 A. General assembly of members / II. Ballot
Art. 881 A. General assembly of members / III. Convening the general assembly / 1. Right and duty
Art. 882 A. General assembly of members / III. Convening the general assembly / 2. Form
Art. 883 A. General assembly of members / III. Convening the general assembly / 3. Agenda items
Art. 884 A. General assembly of members / III. Convening the general assembly / 4. Universal meeting
Art. 885 A. General assembly of members / IV. Voting rights
Art. 886 A. General assembly of members / V. Representation
Art. 887 A. General assembly of members / VI. Exclusion of voting rights
Art. 888 A. General assembly of members / VII. Resolutions / 1. In general
Art. 889 A. General assembly of members / VII. Resolutions / 2. Increase of members’ obligations
Art. 890 A. General assembly of members / VIII. Dismissal of the directors and the auditor
Art. 891 A. General assembly of members / IX. Challenging resolutions of the general assembly
Art. 892 A. General assembly of members / X. Assembly of delegates
Art. 893 A. General assembly of members / XI. Exceptions for insurance cooperatives
Art. 894 B. Directors / I. Eligibility / 1. Membership
Art. 895 B. Directors / I. Eligibility / 2....
Art. 896 B. Directors / II. Term of office
Art. 897 B. Directors / III. Administrative committees
Art. 898 B. Directors / IV. Business management and representation / 1. Delegation
Art. 899 B. Directors / IV. Business management and representation / 2. Scope and restriction
Art. 899a B. Directors / IV. Business management and representation / 3. Contracts between the cooperative and its representatives
Art. 900 B. Directors / IV. Business management and representation / 3. Signatures
Art. 901 B. Directors / IV. Business management and representation / 4. Entry
Art. 902 B. Directors / V. Duties / 1. In general
Art. 903 B. Directors / 2. Duty to notify capital loss and overindebtedness
Art. 904 B. Directors / VI. Return of payments to members
Art. 905 B. Directors / VII. Dismissal and suspension
Art. 906 C. Auditor / I. In general
Art. 907 C. Auditor / II. Verification of the membership list
Art. 908 C. Auditor / II. Verification of the membership list / 2. Defects in organisation
Art. 909 and 910
Section Six: Dissolution of the Cooperative
Art. 911 A. Grounds for dissolutionArt. 912 A. Grounds for dissolution / B. Notification for entry in the commercial register
Art. 913 A. Grounds for dissolution / C. Liquidation, distribution of assets
Art. 914 D. ...
Art. 915 D. ... / E. Takeover by a public sector corporation
Section Seven: Liability
Art. 916 A. Liability to the cooperativeArt. 917 B. Liability to the cooperative, members and creditors
Art. 918 C. Joint and several liability and recourse
Art. 919 D. Time limits
Art. 920 E. Liability in credit and insurance cooperatives
1 New content in accordance with FL of 18 Dec. 1936, in force since 1 July 1937 (AS 53 185; BBl 1928 I 233, 1932 I 217). See Fin. and Trans. Prov. of Titles XXIV to XXXIII, at the end of the CO.
2 See also the Final Provisions relating to this Title at the end of this Code.
3 Amended in accordance with No I of the Federal Act of 4 Oct. 1991, in force since 1 July 1992 (AS 1992 733 786; BBl 1983 II 745).
4 Amended by No I 1 of the Federal Act of 16 Dec. 2005 (Law on Limited Liability Companies and Amendments to the Law on Companies limited by Shares, Cooperatives, the Commercial Register and Business Names), in force since 1 Jan. 2008 (AS 2007 4791 4839; BBl 2002 3148, 2004 3969).
5 Inserted by No I 3 of the Federal Act of 16 Dec. 2005 (Law on Limited Liability Companies and Amendments to the Law on Companies limited by Shares, Cooperatives, the Commercial Register and Business Names), in force since 1 Jan. 2008 (AS 2007 4791 4839; BBl 2002 3148, 2004 3969).
6 Amended by No I 2 of the Federal Act of 16 Dec. 2005 (Law on Limited Liability Companies and Amendments to the Law on Companies limited by Shares, Cooperatives, the Commercial Register and Business Names), in force since 1 Jan. 2008 (AS 2007 4791 4839; BBl 2002 3148, 2004 3969).
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